Section A Multiple-Choice QuestionsText AThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has warned pregnant women against travel to several countries in the Caribbean and Latin America where the Zika virus is spreading. Infection with the virus appears to be linked to the development of unusually small heads and brain damage in newborns. Some pregnant women who have been to these regions should be tested for the infection, the agency also says. Here are some answers and advice about the outbreak.What is the Zika virusA tropical infection new to the Western Hemisphere.The Zika virus is a mosquito-transmitted infection related to dengue, yellow fever and West Nile virus. Although it was discovered in the Zika forest in Uganda in 1947 and is common in Africa and Asia, it did not begin spreading widely in the Western Hemisphere until last May, when an outbreak occurred in Brazil.Until now, almost no one on this side of the world had been infected. Few of us have immune defenses against the virus, so it is spreading rapidly. Millions of people in tropical regions of the Americas may have had it.How is the virus spreadMosquitoes, but not every species.Zika is spread by mosquitoes of the Aedes species, which can breed in a pool of water as small as a bottle cap and usually bite during the day. The aggressive yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, has spread most Zika cases, but that mosquito is common in the United States only in Florida, along the Gulf Coast, and in Hawaii-although it has been found as far north as Washington in hot weather.The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is also known to transmit the virus, but it is not clear how efficiently. That mosquito ranges as far north as New York and Chicago in summer.Although the virus is normally spread by mosquitoes, there has been one report of possible spread through blood transfusion.How do I know if I"ve been infected Is there a testIt"s often a silent infection, and hard to diagnose.Until recently, Zika was not considered a major threat because its symptoms are relatively mild. Only one of five people infected with the virus develop symptoms, which can include fever, rash, joint pain and red eyes. Those infected usually do not have to be hospitalized.There is no widely available test for Zika infection. Because it is closely related to dengue and yellow fever, it may cross-react with antibody tests for those viruses. To detect Zika, a blood or tissue sample from the first week in the infection must be sent to an advanced laboratory so the virus can be detected through sophisticated molecular testing.Is there a treatmentNo.The C.D.C. does not recommend a particular antiviral medication for people infected with the Zika virus. The symptoms are mild-when they appear at all-and usually require only rest, nourishment and other supportive care.How does Zika cause brain damage in infantsExperts are only beginning to figure it out.Scientists do not fully understand the connection. The possibility that the Zika virus causes microcephaly-unusually small heads and damaged brains-emerged in October, when doctors in northern Brazil noticed a surge in babies with the condition.It is not known exactly how common microcephaly has become in that outbreak. About three million babies are born in Brazil each year. Normally, about 150 cases of microcephaly are reported, and Brazil says it is investigating more than 3,500 reported cases.But reporting of suspected cases commonly rises during health crises.Is there a vaccine How should people protect themselvesProtection is difficult in mosquito-infested regions.There is no vaccine against the Zika virus. Efforts to make one have just begun, and creating and testing a vaccine normally takes years and costs hundreds of millions of dollars.Because it is impossible to completely prevent mosquito bites, the C.D.C. has advised pregnant women to avoid going to regions where Zika is being transmitted, and has advised women thinking of becoming pregnant to consult doctors before going.Travelers to these countries are advised to avoid or minimize mosquito bites by staying in screened or air-conditioned rooms or sleeping under mosquito nets, wearing insect repellent at all times and wearing long pants, long sleeves, shoes and hats.Text BBrothers Aaron, Finn and Ryan Freeman-Hayden set off for St. Colman"s School in Ballindaggin full of excitement and nerves last week where they were welcomed by principal Frank Murphy and teacher Ms. Wickham.The brothers are no strangers to the limelight having made a very dramatic entrance into the world in December 2010 when their heavily pregnant snow-bound mum Mandy had to be rescued by a 4x4 jeep ambulance.Mandy was facing a scary home birth alone at the time because the treacherous and icy weather made them almost impossible to reach.Even an airlift from a Waterford-based air ambulance was ruled out, when sub zero conditions grounded the chopper, and two jeep ambulances, along with two ordinary ambulances were dispatched to aid the terrified mum-to-be.At the time Mandy said she was "absolutely petrified. I thought there"s no way I can have triplets here at home. John was talking to them on the phone and they told him to get towels and hot water ready as a last resort".The triplets weren"t due until the end of January but doctors at Holles Street had arranged for her to have a scheduled section on December 15 when she would have been 34 weeks. However the three boys were far more impatient and eager to meet their parents arriving when Mandy was 32 weeks pregnant.Fortunately the triplets were born healthy. Aaron arrived first weighing at 4.4 lbs, followed by Finn at 4.11bs and finally the third baby Ryan at 8.57 a.m. at 3.55 lbs. They continued to thrive after their dramatic start to life and have been a great joy to the family.Mandy, who is originally from Dublin, lives in Mountain View, Ballindaggin with the triplets and their 13-year-old daughter Chloe. Mandy said the boys were very excited about starting school and had settled in fantastically. "They are as happy as Larry there. It"s great. There"s not a bother on them."However it was no mean feat getting the three boys ready for school and Mandy said she had to get organised early in the summer. "It was a lot of work and money getting them ready because naturally there"s three of everything so there was a lot of work to it. But I started early in the summer so it wasn"t too bad."Text CWhen a Chinese scholar boarded a flight for Honolulu at the end of August, he was carrying precious cargo: a long-hunted fountain pen that once belonged to Fleet Adm. Chester Nimitz.On the deck of the USS Missouri anchored in Tokyo Bay 70 years ago, Adm. Nimitz took two pens from his pocket and signed Japan"s surrender, putting a formal end to World War Ⅱ. One of them—a Parker fountain pen given to Adm. Nimitz by a friend and California banker named Y.C. Woo—soon vanished.The missing Parker pen"s journey from the admiral"s pocket to a Chinese museum and now temporarily back to the U.S. culminates a four year quest by an implausible cast of characters, including Mr. Woo"s grandson and a former attorney general of Hawaii.Tracking the pen down and returning it to the USS Missouri has proved a mission in transcending the politics that define U.S-China relations today."The stroke of these pens ended the war," said Mike Weidenbach, curator of the USS Missouri memorial in Honolulu.Seven decades after World War Ⅱ"s close, the U.S. and China still diverge over how to commemorate it. This week, Beijing is hosting a massive military parade to mark the anniversary of the war"s end. Chinese state television has been filled with reminders of the wartime atrocities of Japan, now a U.S. ally."With all these other things going on out there that are negative, here"s an opportunity to look at friendship and comradeship of two nations that fought side by side in World War Ⅱ," said Michael Lilly, the former Hawaii attorney general, who helped negotiate with China to bring the Parker pen to the U.S.The pen"s journey began in another era. Following Japan"s invasion of China, the Woo family fled Shanghai in 1940, said Y.C. Woo"s grandson, Paul Woo, who began searching for the pen in 2011. They immigrated to San Francisco, where Y.C.Woo served as managing director of Bank of Canton.The Woo family then moved to Berkeley, becoming neighbors with Adm. Nimitz and his wife. The two couples developed a close friendship—relationship documented by Adm. Nimitz"s biographer, naval historian E.B. Potter.As the Pacific war closed in on Japan during the summer of 1945, Mr. Woo gave the Parker pen to Adm. Nimitz as a gift, according to Mr. Woo"s grandson and the biography. Adm. Nimitz signed two copies of the Japanese surrender document on Sept. 2, 1945, one with an old favourite pen and the other with Mr. Woo"s gift.With the war finally finished, the admiral returned the Parker pen to Mr. Woo. The other one is kept at the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis. Adm. Nimitz was one among several U.S. officials to sign the surrender documents that day; another was Gen. Douglas MacArthur.Back in China, Mr. Woo was related to Chiang Kai-shek through marriage, and later sent him the Parker pen as a gift, according to Paul Woo. It remains unclear what happened to the pen as Chiang retreated from their base in Nanjing, eventually fleeing to Taiwan.Paul Woo—who is the director of career services at the University of Chicago Law School—recalls his grandfather"s friendship with Adm. Nimitz, and has memories of visiting the retired admiral"s home as a child. When he began the search for the pen, he assumed it was buried away somewhere in Taiwan.Mr. Woo sought help from Taiwanese authorities in Chicago. But he learned over time the pen had never reached Taiwan. As the hunt continued, it became clear the missing Parker pen was, in fact, at a museum in Nanjing. Others began hearing about Paul Woo"s search."I said, "OK, how do we get the pen here"", said Mr. Lilly, the former attorney general who also serves as a founding director of the USS Missouri Memorial Association.The organization aimed for a large celebration to mark the 70th anniversary of the war"s conclusion, and worked with urgency to bring wartime relics back to the ship.About 20 veterans, including some aboard the USS Missouri, were set to attend a ceremony on Wednesday, according to the group."We realized we don"t have any more time," said Mr. Weidenbach. "The 70th is going to be last time that World War Ⅱ veterans of any number are still going to be alive."Mr. Lilly wrote the Chinese Embassy in Washington about bringing the pen to Hawaii. After a few weeks, an official there responded positively, he said. A loan agreement with the Nanjing museum was eventually reached.The Nanjing museum official who carried the pen from China, Ouyang Zongjun, said it was a reminder of U.S.-China wartime cooperation and confirmed details of its history.For Mr. Woo, tracking down the pen has been a deeply personal journey, and a chance to learn details of his immigrant family"s history that were seldom discussed when he was young."My family is very, very humble," he said. "I don"t think anyone in the family knew too much until after grandfather died."Mr. Woo today sees the pen as a symbol of peace that "trumps questions of nationalism," he said. Despite his grandfather"s ties to U.S. and to the Chiang government, China remains the Parker pen"s rightful home today, he said."Maybe that"s just," said Mr. Woo, after reflecting on China"s millions of wartime casualties. "It belongs to all Chinese regardless of whether you"re in Taiwan or in the mainland."
A．It is infectious and fatal.B．It damages the brains of both pregnant women and their babies.C．It has no treatment.D．None of the above.
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