First Aid The main purpose of first aid is to provide proper care to suddenly iii or injured persona until medical help becomes available or, for problems that do not need a physician’ s attention. Even a child can save a life by knowing what m do. For example, by rolling an unconscious person’s head to one side, anyone can save that person from drowning in his own saliva or choking on his tongue. Many first-aid techniques are as simple, Others require preparation in advance, but almost anyone can learn most of the important roles and methods. PART Ⅰ: Basle Rules 1. Do not panic: control your emotions. Then reassure the victim if he or she is conscious, 2. Ask for help. Send someone to call a physician, the police or fire department, or an ambulance, Ask others to stop traffic, get supplies, control crowds, etc. If you are alone, go for help only after you have completed the most urgent first-aid measures. 3. Move the victim out of the way of danger. Otherwise, do not move him until professional help arrives. If the victim must be lifted, support all parts of the body as evenly as possible. 4. If the victim’s clothes or hair are on fire and no water is at hand, smother the flames by covering them with a coat, or blanket or roll him on the ground. Do not try to beat out flames with your hands. 5. If bright red blood is pouring out, put direct pressure on the wound immediately with any clean cloth or with your hand or fingers, 6. Roll an unconscious person’s head over to the side. This keeps the tongue from falling back against the throat. Then quickly loosen tight clothing and check for a bracelet, or card that might identify and provide instructions for any disorder the person might have. 7. If the victim has stopped breathing, check the mouth and throat with a finger for any obstruction; then begin artificial respiration which is part of the CPR-cardiopulmonary resuscitation-- life Support technique described below. PART Ⅱ: CPR and Life Support The first part of CPR, clearing the airways, and the second part, artificial respiration, are easy to learn and are useful for many life-threatening emergencies. But the third part, external heart massage, must be practiced in advance to be sure of using it properly and safely. If a person collapses and stops breathing, begin the ABC’s of CPR. Do not go beyond A (airway clearance) if breathing resumes. Do not go beyond B (mouth-to-mouth breathing) unless you are certain that the victim has no pulse. Use C (chest compression) only if you have prepared yourself in advance to do it properly. In all the steps, use proportionately lighter force for children.(A) Airway Clearance 1. Plane the victim on his hack and support the neck. 2. Lift the neck and tilt the forehead backward, and then lift the chin upward. Do not lift or hand the neck if you think it might be injured. Push the chin upward without moving the neck. 3. Listen for breathing by placing your ear near the mouth; meanwhile, watch the chest for signs of movement. If the person is breathing, roll him carefully onto his side. 4. If there is no sign of breathing or breathing is inadequate, open the mouth and remove any foreign material that may interfere with resuscitation.(B) Mouth-to-Mouth Breathing 1. With the victim’s head in the up position, pinch the nostrils dosed, take a deep breath, and place your mouth tightly over his mouth. Then blow quickly and deeply four times. After each time, raise your mouth and let air escape from the victim’ s mouth. Mouth-to-nose respiration may be used if the mouth cannot be opened or is badly injured. With small children, place your mouth over the mouth and nose. 2. If you feel resistance to your breath, and the victim’s chest does not rise as you exhale or fall when you pause, the airway may still be obstructed. Bend the neck back farther and lift the chin higher. (Do not bend an infant’s neck too far back or the airway will close.) If no obstruction is found, roll the victim on his side toward you and deliver four firm slaps between the shoulder blades. Then place the victim on his back again, put your fist just above the navel, and forcefully but carefully push once. These movements combined may force air out of the lungs and remove any object trapped deeper in the airway. 3. After assuring an open airway, check for a pulse by placing your thumb and middle finger on the neck on either side of the windpipe. If there is a pulse, resume the inhalations anal exhalations at the rate of one cycle every five seconds, or 12 a minute. Use shallower breaths for children, about 20 a minute. Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation must not be stopped for more than 15 seconds in adults, proportionately less in children, until the victim is breathing on his own. 4. If these signs are present:(a) the victim is unconscious,(b) you feel no pulse, and(c) the chest does not rise and fall, you may decide to proceed to C. First yell for help. (C) Chest Compression 1. Kneel alongside the victim. 2. Place the heel of your hand just below the middle of the victim% breastbone and your other hand on top of the first. Do not let your fingers touch the victim’s ribs, or you might possibly compress the wrong part of the chest, which could crack ribs or damage internal organs. 3. Lean directly over the chest, and give a firm push straight downward about two inches. Let the weight of your shoulders do the work rather than muscle power. 4. Push downward about 60 to 80 times a minute. Do not stop until a pulse can be felt; if ribs have cracked, correct your position and proceed cautiously. 5. Chest compression must be matched with mouth-to-mouth breathing. If there are two rescuers, one should give the mouth-to-mouth respiration at the rate of one exhalation for every five compressions. If you have no help, give two exhalations after every 15 compressions at the compression rate of about 80 per minute. For small children the compression rate should be higher, about 100 to 125 a minute. 6. Do not interrupt CPR for more than 15 seconds at a time. Do not stop CPR until the victim is breathing adequately on his own.
A．twoB．threeC．fourD．five
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