Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Digital Depression: Is Social Media Making You Sick? A) We check our phones an average of 150 times a day, and around 30% of the total time spent online is devoted to social media. Many of us cannot go a day without posting online. In the meantime, hours of our time can be spent viewing posts of our friends' family vacations, birthday parties, and successful moments. But when we are hooked on the social world, it turns out that some social media habits could have unexpected harmful effects on our mental health. B) "When I post, I am sort of embarrassed to admit, but I do kind of keep looking to see if people provide positive feedback, or interact with it?" said social media user Amy Barad. A click of a mouse, scrolling, there is so much power at our fingertips. "Yeah, it's just about feeling better about myself. It's something that lasts only for a moment. You go, and you see if five or six more people liked it since the last time you looked, and it's a little embarrassing, but I think everyone does it," stated Robin Heindselman, another social media user. C) When it comes to staying connected, we have come a long way. Telephones have become computers, and Internet speeds have significantly increased. It's all part of the speeded-up technological revolution that has pushed social media interactions into the digital world. The Pew Research Center reported that as of July 1, 2015, 76 percent of adults who used the Internet also used social media sites, and an estimated 72 percent used Facebook. "There's benefits, obviously, you're connecting with people," said Ashraf Esmail, Ph.D, a sociologist at Dillard University in New Orleans. D) To be sure, social networking can be enjoyable, and many see it as a part of our daily lives. But increasingly studies warn of how social media may affect users mentally, highlighting social comparisons by users in particular. University of Houston researchers concluded that spending a lot of time on Facebook and comparing oneself to others is linked to depressive feelings. E) However, the researchers stated that it does not mean that Facebook causes depression. Dr. Carrie Wyland, Ph.D., is a Tulane University psychologist who has studied self-esteem (自尊) issues. "One thing we know is people with low self-esteem, first of all, they're more likely to use social comparison online, like Facebook, in looking at how many likes other people are getting, what do other people look like in their pictures, what are other people doing," she said. Other studies point to social networking causing envy (羡慕). Wyland admits some of her students have used the "A-word," as in "anxiety." "How anxious they feel to respond and be connected all of the time," she said. "Some people say it makes them feel bad about themselves because they're seeing everything everyone else is doing, so it does at least in their stories have this negative effect." F) So it is social media habits that can deeply affect our thoughts, according to users and experts. "I just put myself out there and nobody necessarily gave thumbs up, or liked it, I think it's a natural, human reaction probably," Barad said. "And if you're interpreting (解释) it in a way that maybe 50 people liked it, what about all the other friends that didn't like it, that might end up making you feel bad about yourself and making those self-esteem problem worse," Wyland said. G) But the digital networking may provide energy for those in the self-centered category. "Look at me in my bikini and things like that, and people post this day in and day out, and that's to draw attention, not only to feel good about themselves, but how other people look at me, look at how I look," said Dr. Esmail. He added that social media tends to "out" narcissists, who are too much concerned with themselves. "On a daily basis I hear people making fun of other people because they go too far online," Esmail said. In the digital universe, distortions (失真) are all over the place. "Because people are putting out their best self, then you feel like, you know, maybe I don't look as good, maybe people don't like me as much," Wyland said. H) Esmail said self-image issues can stand in the way of success. "In academic confidence, there's a close relationship between academics and how you look. It does affect self-esteem, sociologically, psychologically and grades, and things like that when people don't feel comfortable with how they look," he said. Experts agreed that women, especially when they are young, tend to be more prone to self-image issues, and it should be taken seriously. "As parents, we do need to watch for sudden changes in eating habits, in dressing habits, in friendships, sleep habits, moodiness, their grades at school. And when things start to go wrong, instead of being critical, ask some direct questions about how they're feeling," said Jenni Watts Evans, a parent educator at Children's Hospital's Parenting Center. I) As a society, our exposure to social media is beginning earlier and earlier. "We see babies, 1-year-olds, 2-year-olds, whose parents think it's really cute (逗人喜爱的) to show the babies scrolling on the pages of the phone, or the IPad, or even playing simple games -- just getting a response out of the machine or the technology. And frankly, it is pretty cute and funny, but we have to be careful about making those things so important," said Watts. J) Because research suggests over time social media can leave negative footprints on users' minds, experts warn against taking comparisons of oneself and others to an extreme. "It's a lot more pressure than in the old world. We didn't have to worry, we just had to worry about our face-to-face interaction," Wyland said. She advises that users reduce social media participation if it makes them feel bad about themselves. 20. Speaking of social media habits, two users Amy and Robin admit that they expect other people's likes after they post.
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