| Written records indicate that in 1153 B.C., workersin the city of Thebes, Egypt protested receiving the same food every day, aswell as their overall working conditions. This was the first recordeddisagreement between labor and management. About 800 years later, the firststrike happened. Aristos, originally from Greece, led the strike in Romeagainst his master in protest of meal breaks, which were too short. Thetradition of organizing workers to protest unfair conditions has continued tothe present. Today, labor unions stand up for the rights of workers usingcollective bargaining techniques. These unions, which exist all around theworld, take two basic forms -- voluntary unions, bureaucratic(官僚政治的)unions. Voluntary, or free unions, leave thechoice of membership up to individuals. Not everyone must join the union, butenough people do join so that the union keeps power in the workplace. Thepurpose of this type of union is to establish a good living standard foremployees and also to protect this standard during times of economicdifficulty. Countries where this type of union is popular include most ofWestern Europe, Britain, Ireland, the United States, Canada, Australia, NewZealand, and Japan. Membership in bureaucratic unions isalso voluntary, but because these unions are closely connected to politicalparties in the countries where these unions operate, members of the partyinclude themselves as members of the union. This type of union's main purposeis to set up good relations between the ruling government and members of theunion. Political and social reforms おare the main goalsof this type of union. Bureaucratic unions are found in Latin America, and someAsian and African countries. When unions and employers do not seeeye to eye on an issue, the union sends some of its workers to meet with theemployers and try to reach an agreement. However, collective bargaining doesnot always sufficiently influence policy makers. When this technique fails tomeet the union goals, a strike may be called. Strikes may take severaldifferent forms including pickets, sit-down strikes, and also general strikesin which labor for an entire region may stop. Unions have found that strikesare the most effective in times when unemployment is low and economicconditions are good. | 1. Where did the first strike occur? | | | 2. What are the two basic forms of unions? | | | 3. What do voluntary unions work toward? | | | 4. What do bureaucratic unions work toward? | | |
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