Read the following passage and select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage.
Facial Expressions and Cultural Differences
Research by scientists from the Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology at the University of Glasgow has challenged the traditional view that there are six basic emotions expressed and recognized across different cultures—happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise and disgust. This study by the Glasgow team offers possibilities for tools to be developed to aid cross-cultural (1) ________ and understanding.
The doctoral work of lead researcher Dr. Rachael Jack was related to (2) ________ facial expressions across cultures, and the reason she was studying this was because, in the literature and the wider public knowledge facial expressions were largely considered to be (3) ________. While working on a different project looking at how people from the East and West look at different parts of the face during facial expression recognition, they found that while there are some common (4) ____________ across cultures, the six basic facial expressions of emotion are not recognized universally.
“Actually the culture of the observer changed the way the information was sampled from the face,” explains Jack. “Easterners and Westerners looked at different parts of the face during facial expression recognition and that’s why I continued on looking at cultural differences in the decoding and representation of facial expressions.”
Using an approach called “reverse correlation” which has been around since the 1970s, “we said we don’t know what a disgust face looks like in China, so the best way to go about that is to make all (5) ____________ of facial movements and show them to Chinese observers and ask them to choose the ones they think are disgust faces.” It’s an approach that’s not driven by a (6) ____________ idea about facial expression. “The reason why the Generative Face Grammar was created in Glasgow was to be able to understand the facial expression signals of different cultures. Posed facial expressions may not be an (7) ________ expression of their use in social interaction and (8) ____________ facial expressions rarely have an exact measure of the emotion a person is feeling.” With the software they developed they discovered that in the early stages of signaling emotion, fear/surprise and anger/disgust were often confused.
Jack explains that these facial expressions have developed both from biology and social (9) __________. What has caught people’s interest is the cross-cultural aspect of the work. “This work leads to understanding which emotions we share, appreciating our differences, highlighting our (10) ____________ global experiences.” It’s why people have been interested in using their data to inform new ways of social communication.
A) components
B) combinations
C) simultaneous
D) empathy
E) evolutions
F) decoding
G) universal
H) Encoding
I) accurate
J) multinational
K) spontaneous
L) prearranged
M) multicultural
N) preconceived
O) acute
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