考试公平是指所有参加考试的考生在考试过程中都受到完全同等的对待。根据上述定义，下列违反考试公平的做法是：
A．某市停止了实行多年的通过考试择优录取的初中招生办法，在初中招生中改用就近入学方式。对于户口所在地几乎等距离地介于几所初中之间的孩子，采用了电脑自动派位方式安排就读学校
B．有一道试题是关于北京地下铁道建设的讨论。对于北京的考生，这道题没有什么理解困难。但是，这道关于“地下铁道”的题目对于一些来自偏远农村的考生就感到很困惑
C．为了参加这个考试，李红已经脱产复习了半年，家里重金为她请了有经验的辅导教师。王丽只能利用业余时间准备考试，每天下班后，还要为残疾的父亲和年幼的弟弟做饭洗衣，常常晚上10点以后，才能开始复习看书
D．竞争上岗考试中包含了一些有关西方文学的试题。其实，这些西方文学知识对胜任这个岗位的工作没有多大关系。一些“书呆子”却考了高分
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Questions 31-35 are based on the following passage:In spite of “endless talk of difference...In the author’s opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American society is________.
A．rewarding
B．successful
C．fruitless
D．harmful
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What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America-breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country’s excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, "spatial" thinking about things technological. Why mention the elementary schools Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, specially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry. Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, "With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman." A further stimulus to invention came from the "premium" system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives. In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance. Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, "A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process... The designer and the inventor.., are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist." This nonverbal "spatial" thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc. , like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea." When all these shaping forces — schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking- interacted with one another on the rich U. S. mainland, they produced that American characteristic, emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.
A．Inventive MindB．Effective SchoolingC．Ways of ThinkingD．Technological Advance
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