Identifying the problem-solution pattern:
The problem-solution pattern = a main problem + possible causes (+ effects) + at least one solution + an evaluation.
In order to understand the ideas presented in a talk, you should pay more attention to signal words which indicate where the talk may be “heading”.
Commonly used signal words are listed as follows:
Problem: the problem is, … is a dilemma, … is difficult, … is really a problem, one of the difficulties is …, etc.
Cause: because of, as a result of, caused by, result from,
the reason is that …, for, owing to, etc.
Effect: it may cause …, it may result in …, so, thus, therefore, consequently, as a result, accordingly, so much (so) that, etc.
Solution: to solve …, the solution to … is …, etc.
Evaluation: it proves effective / workable to …, it plays an important role in …, etc.