Section A At the age of 37, Jared, a would-be professor in New York State, should already have a permanent position at a university and perhaps be publishing his second or third book. Instead, he’s working on a paper in sociology that he’d planned to complete a decade ago. He’s blown two "drop-dead" deadlines and is worried about missing a third. No one can understand why a guy they consider brilliant doesn’t "just do it." Nor, for that matter, can Jared. Jared is among the one in five people who chronically procrastinate, endangering careers and throwing away peace of mind, all the while repeating, "I should be doing something else right now." Procrastination is not just an issue of time management or laziness. It’s about feeling paralyzed and guilty as yon channel surf, knowing you should be studying or rethinking your investment strategy. Why the gap between incentive and action Psychologists now believe it is a combination of several factors, some of which are anxiety and false beliefs shout productivity. Tim Pychyl, Ph. D., associate professor of psychology at Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada, tracked students with procrastination problems in the final week before a project was due. Students first reported anxiety and guilt because they had not started their projects. "They were telling themselves, ’I work better under pressure’ or ’This isn’t important,’" says Phchyl. But as soon as they began to work, they reported more positive emotions: they no longer lamented wasted time, nor claimed that pressure helped. Psychologists have focused on procrastination among students because the problem is rampant in academic settings: some seventy percent of college students report problems with overdue papers and delayed studying, according to Joseph Ferrari, associate professor of psychology at Chicago’s DePaul University. Many procrastinators are convinced that they work better under pressure. But tomorrow never comes and last-minute work is often low quality. In spite of what they may believe, "Procrastinators generally don’t do well under pressure," says Ferrari. The idea is perhaps the most common myth among procrastinators. "The main reason people procrastinate is fear," says Neil Fiore, Ph.D., the author of The Now Habit. Procrastinators fear they’ll fall short because they don’t have the requisite talent or skills. "They’re afraid they’ll look stupid." According to Ferrari, "Procrastinators would rather be seen as lacking in effort than lacking in ability." Impulsivity may seem diametrically opposed to procrastination, but both can be part of a larger problem: self-control. People who are impulsive may not be able to prioritize intentions, says Phchyl. So, while writing a term paper you break for a snack and see some dirt in the refrigerator, which leads to cleaning the entire kitchen. Children of authoritarian parents are more likely to procrastinate. Pychyl speculates that children with such parents postpone choices because their decisions are so frequently criticized-or made for them. Alternatively, the child may procrastinate as a form of rebellion. Refusing to study can be an angry-if self-defeating-message to Morn and Dad. Ambiguous directions and vague priorities increase procrastination. The boss who asserts that everything is high priority and due yesterday is more likely to be kept waiting. Supervisors who insist on "prioritizing the Jones project and using the Smith plan as a model" see greater productivity. It might be comforting for procrastinators to realize that there is a reason for why they procrastinate. But for the situation to change, they have to do something about it. And for a procrastinator, that is not easy to do. Mark each statement as either true (T) or false (F) according to the passage.
Section A
At the age of 37, Jared, a would-be professor in New York State, should already have a permanent position at a university and perhaps be publishing his second or third book. Instead, he’s working on a paper in sociology that he’d planned to complete a decade ago. He’s blown two "drop-dead" deadlines and is worried about missing a third. No one can understand why a guy they consider brilliant doesn’t "just do it." Nor, for that matter, can Jared. Jared is among the one in five people who chronically procrastinate, endangering careers and throwing away peace of mind, all the while repeating, "I should be doing something else right now." Procrastination is not just an issue of time management or laziness. It’s about feeling paralyzed and guilty as yon channel surf, knowing you should be studying or rethinking your investment strategy. Why the gap between incentive and action Psychologists now believe it is a combination of several factors, some of which are anxiety and false beliefs shout productivity. Tim Pychyl, Ph. D., associate professor of psychology at Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada, tracked students with procrastination problems in the final week before a project was due. Students first reported anxiety and guilt because they had not started their projects. "They were telling themselves, ’I work better under pressure’ or ’This isn’t important,’" says Phchyl. But as soon as they began to work, they reported more positive emotions: they no longer lamented wasted time, nor claimed that pressure helped. Psychologists have focused on procrastination among students because the problem is rampant in academic settings: some seventy percent of college students report problems with overdue papers and delayed studying, according to Joseph Ferrari, associate professor of psychology at Chicago’s DePaul University. Many procrastinators are convinced that they work better under pressure. But tomorrow never comes and last-minute work is often low quality. In spite of what they may believe, "Procrastinators generally don’t do well under pressure," says Ferrari. The idea is perhaps the most common myth among procrastinators. "The main reason people procrastinate is fear," says Neil Fiore, Ph.D., the author of The Now Habit. Procrastinators fear they’ll fall short because they don’t have the requisite talent or skills. "They’re afraid they’ll look stupid." According to Ferrari, "Procrastinators would rather be seen as lacking in effort than lacking in ability." Impulsivity may seem diametrically opposed to procrastination, but both can be part of a larger problem: self-control. People who are impulsive may not be able to prioritize intentions, says Phchyl. So, while writing a term paper you break for a snack and see some dirt in the refrigerator, which leads to cleaning the entire kitchen. Children of authoritarian parents are more likely to procrastinate. Pychyl speculates that children with such parents postpone choices because their decisions are so frequently criticized-or made for them. Alternatively, the child may procrastinate as a form of rebellion. Refusing to study can be an angry-if self-defeating-message to Morn and Dad. Ambiguous directions and vague priorities increase procrastination. The boss who asserts that everything is high priority and due yesterday is more likely to be kept waiting. Supervisors who insist on "prioritizing the Jones project and using the Smith plan as a model" see greater productivity. It might be comforting for procrastinators to realize that there is a reason for why they procrastinate. But for the situation to change, they have to do something about it. And for a procrastinator, that is not easy to do. Mark each statement as either true (T) or false (F) according to the passage.
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